The UAE is a desert country, with very little annual rainfall, and so there is a constant problem of water shortage.
The most obvious reason for the shortage of water is the rapid population growth. More people mean more food and this has led to a growing demand for an increase in agriculture production, which in turn means more irrigation and therefore more water. In addition, the economy of the country has expanded enormously over the past 50 years. Industrialization has greatly increased the demand for water. The climate of the UAE makes it difficult to meet the increase demand of water. There in very little rainfall and no surface water. Wastage of water and leaking water pipes make the situation worse.
Desalination is perhaps the most obvious solution. It’s expensive but the UAE is a rich country. Similarly, making better use of underground water is not cheap but it would help to answer to the problem. Dams to store water when it does rain have already been built in Fujairah and Ras Al Khaimah. Charging people more for water, educational programmes in schools and colleges, and national advertising campaigns could also raise public awareness of the problem.
In practice, the UAE gets most of its fresh water from desalination plants. This is most obvious short-term solution. In the long run, however, raising public awareness of the problem and encouraging people to use water more responsibly is the most important factor in solving the problem of water shortage.
Tuesday, March 16, 2010
Car Congestion & Parking problems
Abu Dhabi is the capital of the UAE with a highly increased population. It’s one of the most crowded cities in the world and has traffic congestion and parking problems.
The most obvious reason for the traffic congestion and parking problems in Abu Dhabi is the increased population. That means that there will be a lot of cars on the road and that will cause traffic jams in the middle of the city. In addition, the weather in summer is too hot and people can’t go where they want by walking, so they have to go with their own car. Lack of adequate public transport is one of the real problems in Abu Dhabi, because Abu Dhabi is an island and we can’t build for example a railway system.
One of the best solutions to solve these problems is to raise the age of licence holders to over 21 years old for the government, because that will decrease the number of the cars in the city. In addition, if any new building will be built in the middle of the city it has to make sure it has adequate parking to solve the problems and that will save the time for many people. Finally, if they improve the existing road system by building bridges, overpasses and underpasses that will decrease the traffic congestion.
All in all, Abu Dhabi suffers from traffic congestion and parking problems. Raising the age of the license holders is the most obvious short-term solution. In the long run, however, improving the existing road system is one of the most important solutions too.
The most obvious reason for the traffic congestion and parking problems in Abu Dhabi is the increased population. That means that there will be a lot of cars on the road and that will cause traffic jams in the middle of the city. In addition, the weather in summer is too hot and people can’t go where they want by walking, so they have to go with their own car. Lack of adequate public transport is one of the real problems in Abu Dhabi, because Abu Dhabi is an island and we can’t build for example a railway system.
One of the best solutions to solve these problems is to raise the age of licence holders to over 21 years old for the government, because that will decrease the number of the cars in the city. In addition, if any new building will be built in the middle of the city it has to make sure it has adequate parking to solve the problems and that will save the time for many people. Finally, if they improve the existing road system by building bridges, overpasses and underpasses that will decrease the traffic congestion.
All in all, Abu Dhabi suffers from traffic congestion and parking problems. Raising the age of the license holders is the most obvious short-term solution. In the long run, however, improving the existing road system is one of the most important solutions too.
Wednesday, March 3, 2010
UK budget 1996
The total budget of the UK government in 1996 was £315 billion. This pie chart shows what the government spent the money on. There are ten separate categories shown on the chart.
The biggest item by far was social security. At £100 billion, this was almost twice as much as the next category, health and personal services. Next came education with £38 billion and defence with £22 billion. There was less than £20 billion spent on the next three categories, which were: first, law and order; next, industry, agriculture and employment; then, housing, heritage and environment. Transport had the smallest budget, with £9 billion. Debt interest was £25 billion and other expenditure was £23 billion.
The outstanding feature of the pie chart is that expenditure on social security, £100 billion, was almost as much as the total for the next three categories: health, education and defence, £113 billion.
148 words
The biggest item by far was social security. At £100 billion, this was almost twice as much as the next category, health and personal services. Next came education with £38 billion and defence with £22 billion. There was less than £20 billion spent on the next three categories, which were: first, law and order; next, industry, agriculture and employment; then, housing, heritage and environment. Transport had the smallest budget, with £9 billion. Debt interest was £25 billion and other expenditure was £23 billion.
The outstanding feature of the pie chart is that expenditure on social security, £100 billion, was almost as much as the total for the next three categories: health, education and defence, £113 billion.
148 words
The top 10 date-producing countries in 2001
The top 10 date-producing countries
The bar graph shows date production in tonnes for the world's top producers in 2001. Ten countries in the Gulf region and North Africa are featured.
First, Egypt was responsible for the lion's share of production, with over a million tonnes, but Iran was a close second, with almost 0.9 million. Following them came the UAE and Saudi Arabia, rivalling each other with about 740,000 tonnes each. Pakistan and Iraq, with outputs of approximately 630,000, were not far behind. The rest of the nations, however, were far less productive. Algeria supplied the world with nearly 400,000 tonnes and Oman around quarter of a million. In contrast, the harvests in Libya and Sudan were far less plentiful, yielding under 0.2 million each.
In summary, date production was most abundant in Egypt and Iran. In contrast, the countries with the smallest output were Libya and Sudan.
148 words
The bar graph shows date production in tonnes for the world's top producers in 2001. Ten countries in the Gulf region and North Africa are featured.
First, Egypt was responsible for the lion's share of production, with over a million tonnes, but Iran was a close second, with almost 0.9 million. Following them came the UAE and Saudi Arabia, rivalling each other with about 740,000 tonnes each. Pakistan and Iraq, with outputs of approximately 630,000, were not far behind. The rest of the nations, however, were far less productive. Algeria supplied the world with nearly 400,000 tonnes and Oman around quarter of a million. In contrast, the harvests in Libya and Sudan were far less plentiful, yielding under 0.2 million each.
In summary, date production was most abundant in Egypt and Iran. In contrast, the countries with the smallest output were Libya and Sudan.
148 words
Car specifications
Table of car specifications
Make Price Country of origin Engine size Miles per gallon
Toyota Corolla $15,550 Japan 1400cc 48
Volkswagen Golf $18,250 Germany 1600cc 40
Ford Focus $15,800 USA 1400cc 50
Nissan Micra $15,500 Japan 1200cc 52
Types of car
This table describes the different specifications of four types of car. It gives details of price, country of origin, engine capacity and fuel consumption.
Clearly, the most expensive of the four is the Volkswagen Golf. There is very little to choose between the other three. The German Volkswagen has the biggest engine at 1600cc. The Japanese Toyota Corolla and the American Ford Focus both have a capacity of 1400cc, with the Japanese Nissan Micra being the smallest in engine size with 1200cc. Not surprisingly, the smallest, the Micra, is the most economical in terms of fuel consumption and the Volkswagen the least so. Both the Ford and the Toyota are between the other two, and very similar in terms of fuel consumption.
As you'd expect, the biggest car, in terms of engine size, is the most expensive and uses most fuel, while the smallest, the Micra, is the cheapest in terms of both price and fuel costs
Make Price Country of origin Engine size Miles per gallon
Toyota Corolla $15,550 Japan 1400cc 48
Volkswagen Golf $18,250 Germany 1600cc 40
Ford Focus $15,800 USA 1400cc 50
Nissan Micra $15,500 Japan 1200cc 52
Types of car
This table describes the different specifications of four types of car. It gives details of price, country of origin, engine capacity and fuel consumption.
Clearly, the most expensive of the four is the Volkswagen Golf. There is very little to choose between the other three. The German Volkswagen has the biggest engine at 1600cc. The Japanese Toyota Corolla and the American Ford Focus both have a capacity of 1400cc, with the Japanese Nissan Micra being the smallest in engine size with 1200cc. Not surprisingly, the smallest, the Micra, is the most economical in terms of fuel consumption and the Volkswagen the least so. Both the Ford and the Toyota are between the other two, and very similar in terms of fuel consumption.
As you'd expect, the biggest car, in terms of engine size, is the most expensive and uses most fuel, while the smallest, the Micra, is the cheapest in terms of both price and fuel costs
Marriage
Age of Marriage
The bar chart shows the decrease in the percentage of girls aged between 15 and 19 who are married in six Arab countries. The table shows the age of first marriage for men and women in 14 countries.
In the bar graph the percentage of 15-19 year old women who are married has decreased in all six Arab countries. The biggest decrease is in the UAE, from 57% in 1975 to 8% in 1995. Next are Libya, Tunisia and Kuwait which have significant falls.
The table shows that the age of first marriage for men, in 12 Arab countries plus Turkey and Iran, ranges from the mid-20’s to the high-20's. For women the range is from the low-20's to mid-20’s.
All in all, the bar chart shows that in all 6 Arab countries women are now getting married later in life. The bar chart shows that in the UAE 58% of girls aged 15-19 were married in 1975 but the table shows that in 2000 the average age of marriage for women in the UAE was 23.1.
176 words
The bar chart shows the decrease in the percentage of girls aged between 15 and 19 who are married in six Arab countries. The table shows the age of first marriage for men and women in 14 countries.
In the bar graph the percentage of 15-19 year old women who are married has decreased in all six Arab countries. The biggest decrease is in the UAE, from 57% in 1975 to 8% in 1995. Next are Libya, Tunisia and Kuwait which have significant falls.
The table shows that the age of first marriage for men, in 12 Arab countries plus Turkey and Iran, ranges from the mid-20’s to the high-20's. For women the range is from the low-20's to mid-20’s.
All in all, the bar chart shows that in all 6 Arab countries women are now getting married later in life. The bar chart shows that in the UAE 58% of girls aged 15-19 were married in 1975 but the table shows that in 2000 the average age of marriage for women in the UAE was 23.1.
176 words
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